Wiring & diagram Info

The circuit diagram was designed to create a power supply without utilizing any transformer circuit. This circuit illustrates the advantages as well as the safety precautions to keep in mind.


Power supplies are devices accustomed to provide electrical or other sort of energy to a load or cluster of load. A type of power supply that makes use of a transformer is the AC powered linear power supply. The voltage from the wall socket is converted by the transformer to produce a normally lower voltage. Switched-mode and AC/DC power supplies are the types that does not utilize the presence of transformers. These transformers are responsible for transmitting electrical supply from one circuit to another through its coils (windings).

Designing a transformerless power supply makes it more suitable for smaller installations, in any location, where the area may be limited. The circuit can manage the high current coming from the mains by supplying 12 Volts at 20mA. The reason behind using capacitive reactance rather than resistance is the fact the the type of current flowing into the circuit is alternating. It can also be used with fluctuating DC supply. The reactance adapts with the way the components react in the circuit in terms of frequencies. A fusible resistor can also be used to provide more safety.

As an output device, optical sensors are preferred by measuring the intensity change of light when the power is increased among other controllers like temperature controllers, light switches or timers. The capacitor C1 are connected across the mains supply to act as restrainer. These capacitors are usually tagged with safety standard measures, although they are usually more expensive type rather than ordinary capacitors. Placing two capacitors in parallel or increasing the value can give way to additional current.

The two zener diodes are responsible for supplying the low voltage because these types of diodes controls the output by setting their breakdown or desired voltage, as they flow to the rectifier. The rectifier is responsible for converting the AC to DC. Opposite conversion form DC to AC uses an inverter. If the circuit would require an output higher than 40mA, transformers would be more significant to use.

The comparison between transformerless and transformer-based power supplies is not easy to identify due to the technologies that each one offers in the market. But the primary difference between the two are the physical dimension, noise, efficiency and the intensity of harmonic distortion that they produce.
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The schema described here is mostly aimed at development engineers who are looking for an economical step-down converter which offers a wide input volt- age range. As a rule this type of schema employs a step-down converter with integrated switching element. However, by using a more discrete solution it is possible to reduce the total cost of the step- down converter, especially when manufacturing in quantity. The TL5001A is a low-cost PWM controller which is ideal for this project. The input voltage range for the step-down converter described here is from 8 V to 30 V, with an output voltage of 5 V and a maximum output current of 1.5 A. When the input voltage is applied the PWM output of IC1 is enabled, taking one end of the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2 to ground potential. The cur-rent through the voltage divider will then be at most 25 mA: this value is obtained by dividing the maximum input voltage (30 V) minus the saturation voltage of the output driver (2 V) by the total resistance of the voltage divider (1.1 kΩ ). T1 and T3 together form an NPN/PNP driver stage to charge the gate capacitance of P-channel MOSFET T2 as quickly as possible, and then, at the turn-off point, discharge it again. The base-emitter junction of T3 goes into a conducting state when the PWM output is active and a voltage is dropped across R2. T3 will then also conduct from collector to emitter and the gate capacitance of T2 will be discharged down to about 800 mV. The P-channel MOSFET will then conduct from drain to source. If the open-collector output of the controller is deactivated, a negligibly small current flows through resistor R2 and the base of T1 will be raised to the input voltage level. The base-emitter junction of T1 will then conduct and the gate capacitance of T2 will be charged up to the input voltage level through the collector and emitter of T1. The P-channel MOSFET will then no longer conduct from drain to source. This driver schema constructed from discrete components is very fast, giving very quick switch-over times. Diodes D2 and D3 provide voltage limiting for the P-channel MOSFET, whose maximum gate-source voltage is 20 V. If the Zener voltage of diode D2 is exceeded it starts to conduct; when the forward voltage of diode D3 is also exceeded, the two diodes together clamp the gate-source voltage to approximately 19 V. The switching frequency is set at approximately 100 kHz, which gives a good compromise between efficiency and component size. Finally, a few notes on component selection. All resistors are 1/16 W, 1 %. Apart from electrolytic C1 all the capacitors are ceramic types. For the two larger values (C2 and C5) the following are used: C2 is a Murata type GRM21BR71C105KA01 ceramic capacitor, 1 µF, 16 V, X7R, 10 %; C5 is a Murata type GRM32ER60J476ME20 ceramic capacitor, 47 µF,  6.3 V, X5R, 10 %. D1 (Fairchild type MBRS340T3) is a 40 V/3 A Schottky diode. Coil L1 is a Würth WE-PD power choke type 744771147, 47 µH, 2.21 A, 75 mΩ. T1 (BC846) and T3 (BC856) are 60 V, 200 mA, 310 mW complementary bipolar transistors from Vishay. The TL5001AID (IC1) is a low-cost PWM controller with an open-collector output from Texas Instruments.

Author : Dirk Gehrke Copyright : Elektor

This is a schema which can be used to monitor batteries or other electric equipments current problems.Here that current will be indicated through the sound and through the LED.So you all can check your low volt equipments easily.




Parts:

U1 LM339 Voltage comparator IC
D1 1N5233B Zener Diode
D2 LED
R1, R3 1K 1/4W Resistor
R2 5K Pot
BZ1 Piezo Buzzer
MISC Board, wire, socket for IC

Note

# This schema can be operated with 9v to 12v